Solar cells represent one of the most promising renewable energy technologies for addressing global energy demands and climate change challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of photovoltaic technology, examining the fundamental principles underlying solar cell operation, various cell types and their efficiencies, key material properties, synthesis methods, and emerging applications. Current commercial silicon-based technologies achieve efficiencies of 20-26%, while emerging perovskite and multi-junction cells demonstrate potential for efficiencies exceeding 40%. Manufacturing techniques continue to evolve, with thin-film deposition and advanced processing methods reducing costs while improving performance. Future applications range from building-integrated photovoltaic to space-based solar power systems, positioning solar technology as a cornerstone of sustainable energy infrastructure.
Srivastava et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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