Abstract The tense international situation caused by the war in Ukraine and the increase in global armed conflicts has led to a greater need for civilian protection. Since Russia’s attack on Ukraine in February 2022, neighbouring countries have taken measures to strengthen their defence, including civil protection initiatives. However, the availability and condition of shelter facilities in Central and Eastern Europe remain insufficient. This article aims to analyse the status of civilian shelters in Poland in the event of armed conflict and to establish design guidelines for these facilities. The research was conducted using available literature, studies on the construction and operation of shelters, and an analysis of recent government documents. When designing shelters for civilians, a comprehensive approach is crucial. Important factors should include the location, especially in urban areas, suitable functional and spatial planning, the potential use of shelters during peacetime, and their integration into a wider protection strategy.
Jörgen et al. (Mon,) studied this question.