Challenges of hydrogen energy in aviation and solar-powered hydrogen panels: a case study from Saudi Arabia

Hydrogen has emerged as an important component in the global transition to sustainable energy systems due to its ability to decarbonize multiple sectors while facilitating energy storage and transfer. However, achieving large-scale hydrogen generation faces several hurdles, including technological inefficiencies, high costs, and limited infrastructure, which vary by region. This research examines the global challenges of hydrogen production, with an emphasis on technological, economic, and legislative limitations. It also highlights Saudi Arabia’s significant potential to become a global leader in hydrogen production, owing to its vast renewable energy resources, strategic location, and ambitious investments in hydrogen technologies. The study reviews the use of hydrogen in the aviation sector and its integration into various applications. It covers scenarios where hydrogen can serve as the primary energy source (fuel) instead of kerosene, compares their performance, and discusses the main challenges associated with using hydrogen – either as a gas or liquid – as fuel. It also addresses electricity generation through different types of fuel cells for applications onboard aircraft (auxiliary power units) and at airports (ground support equipment). Furthermore, the research explores the implementation of solar hydrogen panels in various regions and assesses their potential benefits in Saudi Arabia. The study highlights the operational principles, economic impacts, and environmental advantages of this innovation by reviewing case studies from Europe, Asia, the Americas, and the Middle East. Key results and data are presented, providing insights into efficiency improvements and cost reductions. Finally, the research concludes by outlining how Saudi Arabia’s solar potential and strategic initiatives can leverage solar hydrogen panels to enhance energy diversification and sustainability. By addressing the identified challenges, Saudi Arabia can not only strengthen its energy security but also play a pivotal role in developing the global hydrogen economy.