Mechanistic pathways and disease implications: Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Host–Microbe Crosstalk

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as pivotal mediators in host–microbe communication. Recent studies have elucidated that these nanoscale particles can cross the mucosal and blood barriers, disseminating bacterial components to distant organs such as the liver and joints. This review summarizes current research focusing on the mechanisms of EV translocation and their contributions to autoimmunity and cancer. Emphasis is placed on recent studies demonstrating EV-mediated systemic effects, particularly in liver disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding these pathways may offer novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.