Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
This study demonstrates oscillations in the Hubble parameter with a future Big Rip in a cosmos under Rastall gravity.
A cyclic flat universe with Quintom behavior and a future Big Rip as presented in the framework of Rastall gravity, which is an extension of the standard ΛCDM model. The Hubble parameter oscillates periodically between positive and negative values in each cycle. Cosmic transit has been simulated through an oscillating time-dependent deceleration parameter and is expected to occur at approximately 8.7 Gyr. Causality is satisfied at all times, except near the initial singularity and the future Big Rip singularity. The apparent horizon, entropy, and other thermodynamic quantities associated with the current model were analyzed. The energy conditions were investigated.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Ahmed et al. (2025) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: