Evaluating the Long-Term Utility and Cost-Effectiveness of Computed Tomography (CT) Surveillance Beyond Five Years After Radical Cystectomy: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study

Introduction While computed tomography (CT) imaging is crucial for the early detection of recurrence after radical cystectomy, the clinical value and cost-effectiveness of routine surveillance beyond five years remain unclear. This study evaluates the diagnostic yield and economic justification of CT scans performed at seven and 10 years postoperatively. Methodology This retrospective study included 46 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in 2013-2014, ensuring a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Clinical and pathological variables were analysed for correlation with recurrence or metastasis. The diagnostic utility of CT scans at seven and 10 years was assessed. Statistical analysis included the chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, V. 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results At 10 years, 19 patients (41.3%) were alive. All metastases (n=14) occurred within the first two years post-surgery; no positive findings were detected on CT scans at seven or 10 years. Metastasis was significantly associated with the presence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) (p=0.02), positive surgical margins (p=0.004), and fewer dissected lymph nodes (p<0.001). Logistic regression identified positive margins as an independent predictor of metastasis (OR: 9.33; p=0.008). Conclusion Routine CT surveillance beyond five years post-cystectomy shows minimal clinical benefit in unselected patients. A risk-adapted approach, focusing on pathological factors such as surgical margin status and CIS, may optimize follow-up strategies and resource utilization.