Abstract Energy storage is a major challenge in electric vehicle development due to battery technology differences. This paper provides a comprehensive review of battery technologies categorized into three generations: past, current, and future. We systematically compare and evaluate battery technologies using seven key performance parameters: energy density, power density, self-discharge rate, life cycle, charge-discharge efficiency, operating range, and overcharge tolerance. A critical and comparative analysis of battery technologies were conducted using quantitative data from existing literature. Our analysis reveals that Ni-based batteries surpassed lead-acid technologies in past generations, while current-generation lithium-ion (LiFePO4, LiNiMnCoO2) cells dominate, with energy densities up to 220 Wh/kg and cycle lives exceeding 2,000 cycles. Future technologies, such as Na-ion and solid-state batteries, show promise, offering higher energy efficiency and improved resource sustainability. In addition to performance comparison, this review integrates real-world case studies of battery and battery management system innovations from leading manufacturers such as Tesla, BYD, and Hyundai. The practical applications of patented battery management system technologies, such as thermal regulation, state-of-health estimation, and range optimization, are highlighted for their role in ensuring electric vehicle safety and reliability and extending the battery lifecycle. This paper also highlights recent advancements in battery recycling techniques (chemical and direct recycling) and the role of the battery management system in improving safety, thermal regulation, and extending battery lifespan. This paper further examines key constraints in electric vehicle battery development, encompassing techno-economic barriers, environmental impacts, and regional policy. This paper recommends selecting the most suitable battery technology for various electric vehicle transportation applications using the technique of order of preference based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution. The multicriteria decision-making methodology is based on these seven parameters. Ultimately, this paper is a useful guide to assist researchers in gaining insight into the latest developments in battery technologies and battery management system for the efficient operation of electric vehicles.
Sutikno et al. (2025) studied this question.
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