Liquid biopsy using ctDNA and utDNA detects bladder cancer effectively, suggesting a noninvasive approach.
Introduction Bladder cancer (BC), a prevalent urinary system malignancy, presents challenges for early diagnosis because of its nonspecific symptoms and late-stage presentation, leading to poor prognosis. Liquid biopsy, particularly urine-based testing, has emerged as a promising noninvasive alternative to tissue biopsy for early cancer detection, monitoring, and treatment guidance. Urinary tumor DNA (utDNA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are key biomarkers that offer direct, noninvasive access to urinary tract tumor genetic information.
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Lin et al. (2025) studied this question.
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