Overview of Key Technologies and Architecture for FPGA-Based Underwater Acoustic Positioning and Detection Systems

As terrestrial resources gradually diminish, global interest in the development of marine resources has grown significantly. This trend has driven advancements in underwater acoustic positioning and detection technologies. The development of integrated circuit technology, particularly the potential of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) as efficient processing platforms in underwater applications, has garnered widespread attention. This paper aims to comprehensively explore the applications of FPGAs in underwater positioning and detection systemss, as well as their key technologies. The article first outlines the importance and advantages of FPGAs in underwater acoustic positioning and detection, providing an in-depth analysis of the internal structure of FPGAs and the corresponding core patent intellectual property. This analysis offers a theoretical foundation for various application scenarios. Furthermore, this paper discusses the fundamental principles of underwater acoustic positioning and hydroacoustic detection technologies, as well as the challenges encountered in both applications and their corresponding solutions. Additionally, the paper also presents case studies of FPGA applications in underwater acoustics, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the paper conducts a comparative analysis of different FPGA hardware platform architectures in hydroacoustic scenarios, summarizing the challenges and limitations of FPGA applications in this field, and providing valuable references for implementation strategies and hardware selection.