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This review discusses findings on air shower characteristics and cosmic ray mass estimates, highlighting muon content methods.
The large high altitude air shower observatory has comprehensively measured the information of the air showers of very high energy cosmic rays. Several important results regarding the air shower already have been published. Cosmic ray mass independent energy reconstruction methods have been proposed by combining the muon content and the electromagnetic particles (or Cherenkov light) of the air shower. The mean logarithmic mass of the cosmic ray also has been estimated based on the muon content of the air shower. The attenuation length of muon content in the air shower has measured and compared with expectations of several hadronic interaction models. The fluctuation of the muon content of the air shower has been studied and used to estimate the variance of logarithmic mass of the cosmic ray. This proceeding will summarize all the aforementioned air shower studies.
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Feng et al. (2025) studied this question.
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