Synthesis of the Supramolecular Structure of Vanadium Pentoxide Nanoparticles with Native and Modified β-Cyclodextrins for Antimicrobial Performance

Cyclodextrins in metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) serve as stabilizing, dispersing, and functionalizing agents that enhance antimicrobial performance through better nanoparticle stability, synergistic action, and potential controlled release mechanisms, making them ideal for advanced biomedical and environmental antimicrobial applications. In this study, NPs of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) were obtained by the precipitation method, and, following a supramolecular assembly, were synthesized using the impregnation method via addition of β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and its derivatives, such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HCD) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD). The formation of the V2O5:CDs was driven by non-covalent host–guest interactions, leading to a stable supramolecular structure with enhanced physicochemical properties. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed uniformly distributed V2O5 NPs within the CD matrix. Structural characterization was further supported by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the inclusion interactions between V2O5 and CDs. The synthesized NPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and fungal strains, indicating a synergistic enhancement in bioactivity due to the supramolecular architecture. This work highlights the potential of CD-assisted V2O5 NPs as promising antimicrobial agents for biomedical and environmental applications.