Adjuncts to a Difficult Partial Nephrectomy: Three-dimensional Printed Models and Image Impositions – Current Status and Challenges

Summary Partial nephrectomy is the standard of care for the management of localized renal tumors. However, complex renal masses pose significant challenges for nephron-sparing surgery. Technological adjuncts such as three-dimensional-printed models and advanced imaging impositions have emerged as pivotal tools in preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation. Evidence-based literature and recent trials summarize the current advancements, utility, and limitations of these adjuncts in facilitating difficult partial nephrectomies.