Aspen Competition in Norway Pine Plantations

A record of survival, even as long as five years after planting, is no criterion of the success or failure of a pine plantation in the Lake States. On sites favorable to aspen this species may enter later, and, through its greater aggressiveness, convert the stand to a mixed association,with the aspen having a larger basal area than the pine. Systematic care by periodic weedings and release cuttings is the only remedy to maintain the pine.