Socio-spatial vulnerability and preventive management of COVID-19: A case study in a medium-sized city of São Paulo, Brazil

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed how socio-spatial vulnerability affects the spread and management of health risks in urban contexts. This study analyzed vulnerability patterns and the effectiveness of preventive measures against COVID-19 in Araraquara, a medium-sized city in Brazil. The methodology combined GIS georeferencing with demographic indicators, income levels, and the Social Progress Index (IPS). Results indicated that 57% of the population had very low vulnerability, with “Homeless Families” and “Violence against Women” identified as the weakest indicators among 57 assessed. Contrary to common assumptions, central areas concentrated the highest number of cases, not peripheral neighborhoods. Preventive policies such as lockdowns significantly reduced mortality rates, demonstrating the importance of timely interventions. The study concludes that socio-spatial indicators and digital technologies are crucial to strengthening public health policies, improving resilience, and guiding strategic decision-making in future pandemics.