The Universe consists primarily of dark energy, dark matter, and ordinary matter. The studies of recent models, such as the Big Bang and the ɅCDM, show that the fractional composition of the universe is approximately 4%-5% ordinary matter, 26%-27% dark matter, and 67%-72% dark energy. This study proposes a novel mathematical engineering model, grounded in first-principles physics, that utilises a novel mathematical tool to deliver precise composition estimates: 5.07% ordinary matter, 26.76% dark matter, and 68.17% dark energy. These closely align with NASA's WMAP & Planck data as well as the ɅCDM model. The application of the mathematical tool enhances solutions to the Einstein equation of special relativity, and the Schwarzschild metric introduces correction factors. These aim to eliminate singularities through logic-based engineering techniques. Moreover, cosmic dynamics and black hole evolution calculate the Universe expansion speed: 0.104 of the light speed, estimate the Hubble constant: ~ 71 km/s/Mpc, propose that stars undergo 21 collapses or 7 distinct stages to become black holes, suggest the universe may currently exist as a neutron entity or a black hole, and predict the existence of 286 ancient massive entities.
Elescandarany Ahmad Waguih (2025) studied this question.