Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and the Risk of Adverse Cardiac and Kidney Outcomes Among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) have cardioprotective and kidney-protective benefits among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We sought to determine whether GLP-1RA use improves cardiovascular (CV) and kidney outcomes among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN). We emulated a pragmatic target trial to evaluate the impact of GLP-1RA vs. comparator hypoglycemic agents, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i), on CV and kidney outcomes among patients with SLE and T2D using a large, US multi-center electronic health record database. We used propensity score overlap weighting to emulate randomization between treatment groups. Outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events, venous thrombosis (VTE), kidney disease progression (eGFR decline ≥ 30% or new-onset end-stage kidney disease), and all-cause mortality. We used Cox regression to compare hazard ratios (HR) based on the weighted populations. In a secondary analysis, we only included patients with LN. There were 910 and 1004 initiators of GLP-1RA and DPP4i, respectively, including 267 and 324 patients with LN, respectively. Baseline covariates were balanced after propensity score overlap weighting. The risks of MACE (HR 0.66 [95% CI 0.48-0.91]), VTE (HR 0.49 [0.24-0.97]), kidney disease progression (HR 0.77 [0.60-0.98]), and all-cause mortality (HR 0.26 [CI 0.10-0.68]) were lower with GLP-1RA vs. DPP4i use. GLP-1RA use was similarly associated with lower risks of MACE and kidney disease progression among patients with LN. We found lower risks of adverse CV and kidney outcomes and mortality with GLP-1RA use compared with DPP4i use among patients with lupus and T2D.