This article deals with the design of a novel Multi-Level-Fuzzy-Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller by considering the low pass filter coefficient (MLF-PIDN) for the AGC problem of multi-area multi-sources systems under deregulated environments. Each area contains hydrothermal plants. The MLF-PIDN controller is designed as a supplementary controller and compared to the Two-Level-Fuzzy-PIDN, Fuzzy-PIDN, and PIDN controllers, and used to dispatch for both scheduled and unscheduled power in various agreements, such as the Poolco market, bilateral contracts, and contract violation scenarios. The skill optimization algorithm (SOA) scheme tunes the controller parameters, incorporating integral squared error performance indices. Dynamic response analyses show that the novel MLF-PIDN is superior to the Two-Level-Fuzzy-PIDN, Fuzzy-PIDN, and PIDN secondary controllers concerning overshoot, undershoot, settling time, and damping oscillation. To check the approach's efficacy, the study is further investigated in the presence of significant non-linearities such as the governor dead band, generation rate constraints, and the time delay. A Unified Power Flow Controller is incorporated with the system tie-line for further performance improvement and is considered for areas 1 and 2. Finally, sensitivity analysis of SOA-optimized MLF-PIDN controller parameters derived at nominal DISCO Participation Matrix values confirms that they are solid enough and do not require further optimization for changes in DPM values.
Meseret et al. (Thu,) studied this question.