Beyond Mimicry: Military Isomorphism and Context-Specific Security Approaches in the Gulf

Military organizations globally exhibit remarkable similarities despite their diverse historical and strategic contexts, a phenomenon of institutional isomorphism that has led to the widespread adoption of western military models across different regions. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, where (broadly) western military structures, doctrines, and technologies are adopted with insufficient adaptation to local contexts. This article first examines the theoretical underpinnings of military isomorphism, analysing how the coercive, mimetic, and normative mechanisms identified by DiMaggio and Powell drive organizational convergence in military institutions. Second, we advocate for context-specific security approaches, drawing on contingency theory, Fourth Generation Warfare concepts, and strategic culture theory to develop an alternative framework centred on threat-centric focus, local cultural aculturation, resource-appropriate forces, and indigenous innovation. Third, through a counterfactual thought experiment called the ‘Desert Porcupine’, we illustrate how these principles might combine to produce fundamentally different security architectures for small Gulf states when freed from isomorphic constraints. The value of this exploration lies less in prescribing policy alternatives, as in expanding the conceptual space within which security architectures might be imagined, suggesting that genuine security enhancement requires approaches tailored to the specific geopolitical, social, and demographic contexts of states.