Mining affects groundwater and surface water both during an active mining operation and after its termination. Continuous monitoring and both quantitative and qualitative assessment of water dynamics are crucial for the sustainable management of the mining and post-mining environment. This paper provides an extensive overview of water in the mining industry and of remote sensing methods for surface water monitoring. Moreover, selected spectral water indices are compared to assess their performance and usefulness in surface water monitoring. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) are applied to different case study areas affected by mining-induced multitemporal surface water changes. All the selected indices were found useful as proxies for surface water identification; however, their effectiveness and accuracy varied in subsequent case studies.
Smentek et al. (2025) studied this question.