We establish a connected sum energy reduction for closed four-dimensional submanifolds, highlighting similarities with past work by Bauer and Kuwert.
We introduce a fourth-order Willmore-type problem for closed four-dimensional submanifolds immersed in Rⁿ and establish a connected sum energy reduction for the general fourth-order Willmore energy, analogous to the seminal result of Bauer and Kuwert {Bauer-Kuwert03}.
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Wu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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