Viral Vertical Transmission through the Placenta: The Potential of Natural Products as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Antiviral Agents

Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable groups in human populations. The human placenta, consisting of fetal chorionic villi and maternal basal decidua, is a specialized and transient organ crucial for supporting pregnancy and ensuring the well-being of both the mother and the fetus. Although the placenta has a developed, robust defense system, some pathogens can overcome it and cause a fetal infection that may be lethal. This review examines the defense mechanisms in the placenta against viral infections, how microorganisms bypass these defense barriers to cause illness, and the potential use of natural products in treating viral infections during pregnancy. Research on natural products has shown their promise to serve as an alternative to antiviral therapy, particularly for pregnant women.