Dynamic remodeling of tertiary lymphoid structures in response to cancer therapy: a recent review

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) act as local hubs for antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation, reinforcing antitumor immunity. They act as ectopic, lymph node-like niches that orchestrate local antitumor immunity through well-defined B-cell follicles, T-cell zones, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), and high endothelial venules (HEVs). Although various cancer treatment methods can impact TLSs, thereby changing the state of the TME, the dynamic changes in TLSs caused by treatment and the mechanisms therein have not been comprehensively summarized to date. This review highlights the mechanisms of different cancer treatment effects on TLSs dynamic change, including the number and functionality of TLSs within tumors. We also summarize the value of TLSs in predicting prognosis and therapeutic effect, as well as the deficiencies in current research and future development directions.