Integration of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells with Other Energy Systems for Enhanced Efficiency and Energy Demand Fulfillment – A Comprehensive Review

The integration of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells with other energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic/thermal systems (PV/T), wind turbines, biomass energy, hydro energy, geothermal energy, diesel generator engines, microgas turbines, and organic Rankine cycles, is an excellent method of improving both energy efficiency and sustainability. The integration of PEM fuel cell with renewable energy sources is also a promising way to clean and sustainable energy. The scope of this review covers recent innovations in hybrid energy systems that deploy PEM fuel cells, with specific focus on their ability to satisfy energy demand, mitigate environmental degradation, and reduce costs; additionally, it explains the cooperation between PEM fuel cells and other energy technologies. Cumulative findings from several studies show that these hybrid systems are highly useful in a range of contexts, including household off-grid use and commercial and industrial use. And hybridization of these energy sources is one of the suitable techniques to achieve energy stability in rural areas. The chapter further analyzes the relevant opportunities of thermal management employing phase change materials (PCMs) in PEM fuel cell for enhancing the performance and stability of PEM fuel cells. Using these phase change materials with nano additives will also enhance the efficiency of these PCMs, which is also beneficial for our fuel cell.