A Model‐Driven Framework for Gamification of Learning Introductory Programming

Programming is widely recognized as a fundamental and practical skill applicable across diverse fields through various applications. However, novices often face challenges in learning programming, primarily due to the absence of a structured instructional framework and the complexity of underlying concepts. This obstacle can diminish learners’ motivation to pursue further education. To address this, gamification is employed as a strategy to engage and inspire beginners in their educational journey. Consequently, the utilization of a gamified online programming education system is proposed to simplify the learning process. Nevertheless, designing and implementing educational courses that effectively integrate gaming elements requires expertise in the gaming field. In this study, a model‐driven approach creates a gamification framework for teaching programming. The methodology develops a domain‐specific modeling language for programming concepts and gamification, designs a graphical editor for course design, and implements a model‐to‐code transformation engine requiring minimal prior knowledge. Evaluation through usability testing, questionnaires, and the GQM approach shows enhanced usability, improved effectiveness, and high satisfaction compared to traditional methods. The framework offers a solution for simplifying gamified course development and supporting novice programmers.