October 1, 2025Open Access

Ultrasound-assisted extraction optimisation of Bajakah Tampala ( Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) wood using response surface methodology

Key Points

Optimal extraction conditions yielded high levels of total phenolic content at 18.78 mg GAE/g, enhancing the plant’s antioxidant properties.
Using response surface methodology, the study found that an ethanol concentration of 54.19% significantly improved extraction efficiency.
Five dominant antioxidants were identified through LC-HRMS analysis, including compounds known for their health benefits.
The extraction process aims to preserve heat-sensitive compounds, indicating the approach's utility in traditional medicine.

Abstract

Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) (BT), a native medicinal plant, is renowned for its rich phytochemical profile and therapeutic potential. Green technology extraction can protect heat-sensitive compounds. This study aimed to optimise the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and profile the extract's compounds. The optimisation process employed response surface methodology (RSM) with box-behnken design (BBD) to determine the effects of ethanol concentration, temperature, and time on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA). The results demonstrated that optimal extraction conditions (ethanol concentration: 54.19%, temperature: 64.38°C, and time: 29.02 min) yielded high levels of TPC (18.78 mg GAE/g), TFC (6.67 mg QE/g), and AA (80.79%). LC-HRMS analysis identified five dominant compounds with antioxidant relevance. A group of phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid compounds, including scopoletin, cianidanol, yohimbine, hercynine, and rhynchophylline. Those compounds are known for their potent antioxidant properties, which may contribute to the traditional therapeutic use of BT.

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