Barium Titanate (GdxBa(1−x)TiO3) modified with replacing Barium (Ba) with Gadolinium (Gd) (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.625, 0.75, 0.875, and 1 mol%) were synthesized via the a modified solid-state reaction method. This study elucidates the substitution mechanism of Gd3+ ions into Ba2+ ions sites, leading to the creation of Ba and oxygen vacancies to maintain charge neutrality. Structural analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and Raman spectroscopy, provided insights into the compositional and structural characteristics of the composites. A structural phase transition from near cubic tetragonal to orthorhombic was observed in Gd-modified BaTiO3, with coexisting phase noted in (Gd/Ba)TiO3 samples. FE-SEM analysis revealed reduced particle size and particle shape morphology with increasing Gd content. Photoluminescence (PL) confirmed the impact of the immersion of Gd ions on the BaTiO3. Dielectric properties were examined across varying frequencies (100 Hz–10 MHz) and temperatures (30–500 °C), showing a decrease in dielectric constant with increasing Gd content and frequency. This study offers an effective modulation of electronic and dielectric properties through the controlled incorporation of Gd in BaTiO3 material, which offers valuable insights for the development of advanced functional materials tailored for various technological applications.
Ali et al. (2025) studied this question.