This review critically evaluates the performance of approximately 80 commercially available mobile detectors for explosive identification. The majority of devices utilize Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), or Raman Spectroscopy (RS). IMS-based instruments, such as the M-ION (Inward Detection), typically achieve sensitivities at the ppt level, while other IMS implementations demonstrate detection ranges from low ppb to ppm. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) systems, represented by the Griffin™ G510 (Teledyne FLIR Detection), provide detection limits in the ppb range. Transportable Mass Spectrometers (Bay Spec) operate at ppb to ppt levels, whereas Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) devices, such as the Fido X4 (Teledyne FLIR Detection), achieve detection at the nanogram level. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors, exemplified by the EXPLOSCAN (MS Technologies Inc. 8609 Westwood Center Drive Suite 110, Tysons Corner, VA, USA), typically reach the ppb range. Only four devices employ two orthogonal analytical techniques, enhancing detection reliability and reducing false alarms. Traditional colorimetric tests based on reagent–analyte reactions remain in use, demonstrating the continued relevance of simple yet effective methods. By analyzing the capabilities, limitations, and technological trends of current detection systems, this study underscores the importance of multi-technique approaches to improve accuracy, efficiency, and operational effectiveness in real-world applications. The findings provide guidance for the development and selection of mobile detection technologies for security, defense, and emergency response.
Augustyniak et al. (2025) studied this question.