Effect of heavy metals and antisperm antibodies on male infertility: A literature review

Relevance: Motivated by concerns about environmental pollution, researchers have examined the effect of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium) combined with antisperm antibodies (ASA) on male infertility in Kazakhstan. Chromium, prevalent in regions like Aktobe, exacerbates oxidative stress and endocrine disruption, further compromising sperm quality. The findings underscore the need for environmental interventions to mitigate these risks. The study aimed to investigate the dual impact of heavy metals and antisperm antibodies on male infertility, with a specific focus on environmental pollution in Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: This comprehensive literature review focused on how heavy metals induce oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and immune responses that affect male fertility. It also analyzed the role of ASA in impairing sperm motility and fertilization potential. Results: The findings indicate that heavy metals have an adverse effect on sperm count, motility, and morphology, primarily through oxidative stress and hormonal imbalances. Elevated levels of lead and cadmium were associated with DNA damage and decreased testosterone levels. ASA was found to significantly reduce sperm motility and the ability to fertilize, exacerbating infertility risks. Conclusion: This study highlights the combined impact of heavy metals and immune responses on male infertility, emphasizing the urgent need for environmental management and targeted therapeutic strategies. Understanding these mechanisms could pave the way for new diagnostic and treatment approaches for infertility in regions with high environmental pollution.