Systematic review of flexible transparent electrodes, including metal grids and silver nanowires, indicates improved performance in organic solar cells.
With the rapid advancement of consumer electronics like smart wearables and flexible displays, the demand for portable, deformable energy systems has surged. Traditional rigid solar cells and ITO electrodes fail to meet flexibility requirements, driving the development of FTEs for OPVs. This study systematically reviews three major FTE material systems: metal grids, silver nanowires, and conductive polymers. Metal grids offer high conductivity (down to 0.5 /sq) and low cost, but face surface roughness issues. Silver nanowires form flexible conductive networks with 90% transmittance and retain over 94% PCE after 1000 bends, yet suffer from dispersion and cost challenges. Conductive polymers have good processability and achieve 7.7% PCE in OPVs, comparable to ITO, but require harsh treatment. Performance data shows optimized FTEs enhance OPV efficiency: modified Ag grid OPVs reach 1.36% PCE, AgNW-based small-area OPVs hit 16.1%, and conductive polymer OPVs match ITO efficiency. Suggestions include optimizing sintering for metal grids, developing green synthesis for AgNWs, and milder treatments for polymers.
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Jun Li (2025) studied this question.
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