The management of teeth with open apices, typically resulting from trauma or developmental anomalies, remains a clinical challenge in endodontics. Historically, apexification with long-term calcium hydroxide therapy was the primary approach to induce apical closure. However, this method is associated with extended treatment duration and increased risk of root fracture. Bioceramic materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), artificial apical barriers have gained popularity due to their reduced treatment time and favorable sealing properties. More recently, regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) have emerged as a biologically based alternative aiming to restore the pulp–dentin complex and promote continued root development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current treatment strategies for immature permanent teeth, comparing traditional apexification with modern regenerative techniques. Clinical indications, protocols, advantages, limitations, and prognosis are discussed in detail to guide evidence-based clinical decision-making.
Aksoy et al. (2025) studied this question.