Integrated geospatial evaluation of wind and photovoltaic resources based on multi-satellite and ground-validated datasets

We present an integrated geospatial framework that combines multi-satellite observations, Copernicus reanalysis datasets, and ground-based meteorological stations to assess the potential of wind and photovoltaic (PV) resources. Offshore wind analysis identifies the northern Penghu area in the Taiwan Strait as the most favourable development zone, with mean wind speeds exceeding 13 m/s and shallow bathymetry suitable for fixed-bottom turbines. Buoy validation confirms the reliability of satellite estimates. For solar resources, Himawari-8/9 shortwave radiation data indicate that southwestern Taiwan receives the highest input, with monthly averages of 192.2 W/m² and PV output potential of 20.1 W/m². The evolving electricity generation structure shows that wind energy peaks during the northeast monsoon season (October–February), while solar power generation reaches its maximum in summer (June–September). Overall, the reproducible framework provides robust support for Taiwan's renewable transition and serves as a model for other islands seeking to optimise wind and solar under monsoonal climates.