Dietary Bile Acid Influences the Physiological, Morphological, Lipid Metabolism-Related Responses, and Transcriptomic Profile of Hepatopancreas in High-Fat Diet-Fed Juvenile Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

To assess the influence of dietary bile acid (BA) on the phenotype associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and its regulation of lipid homeostasis in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions, five HFDs were designed using soybean oil (SO) as the single lipid source and supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg BA (designated as BA0, BA200, BA400, BA600, and BA800, respectively). Juvenile fish (32.37 ± 0.13 g) were fed five BA-added HFDs (12% SO) for 8 weeks. Considerably lower levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and total cholesterol in the serum were observed in gibel carp fed with HFDs with 400–600 mg/kg BA (p < 0.05). The hepatocytes of the BA400 and BA600 groups were intact without abnormal architecture or histopathological changes, compared to other groups. The presence of most genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis decreased significantly with the addition of 400–600 mg/kg BA (p < 0.05), while the gene expressions of hormone-sensitive lipase, adiponectin receptor 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α were variably up-regulated, along with the elevation of dietary BA (p < 0.05). Critical genes involved in bile acid and cholesterol synthesis were obviously down-regulated in gibel carp receiving 600–800 mg/kg dietary BA (p < 0.05), despite the sterol 27-hydroxylase (cyp27a1) gene in the BA800 group (p < 0.05). Moreover, hepatopancreas from the BA0 and BA600 groups were isolated for transcriptome sequencing, identifying 7040 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The enriched KEGG pathways of DEGs mainly included steroid biosynthesis, protein digestion and absorption, etc. Seven randomly selected DEGs were validated using qRT-PCR and were in agreement with the RNA-seq results. Consequently, the appropriate supplementation of dietary BA for juvenile gibel carp is recommended at doses of 400–600 mg/kg in SO-based HFDs, which could contribute to the amelioration of HFD-induced excessive fat deposition in the hepatopancreas of gibel carp by both inhibiting fatty acid intake, biosynthesis, and steroid production and enhancing lipid decomposition. The findings may elucidate the physiological role of exogenous BA in fish and its underlying mechanism, providing references for the reasonable application of BA in aquafeeds and the prevention of HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction in fish.