Purpose This study examines leadership practices in multicultural settings through an ethnographic lens, focusing on how leaders adapt their behaviors to navigate cultural diversity, foster collaboration and ensure organizational success. It investigates the interplay between cultural norms, communication styles and leadership adaptability in multinational corporations (MNCs). Design/methodology/approach The study employs an ethnographic methodology to capture the lived experiences of leaders across three MNCs operating in the technology, pharmaceutical and hospitality industries. Data were collected over an 18-month period, with six months of immersive fieldwork conducted in each firm, 50 semi-structured interviews and an analysis of organizational artifacts. Findings The findings show that leaders across all three firms actively adjusted their communication, conflict resolution and decision-making practices in response to diverse cultural expectations demonstrating that adaptability is a learned and context-sensitive practice. Practical implications The research provides actionable recommendations for leadership development programs, including training in cultural intelligence, adaptive communication techniques and conflict mediation strategies. Organizations should prioritize cultural sensitivity training to prepare leaders for managing diverse teams. Originality/value This research contributes to leadership and organizational ethnography by (1) introducing the concept of bicultural mediators as internal cultural brokers, (2) modeling adaptive leadership as a real-time negotiation process and (3) demonstrating how ethnographic methods reveal organizational dynamics overlooked by survey-based research.
Duy et al. (2025) studied this question.