High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in the Neovagina and Anus

This prospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in transfeminine individuals who have undergone vaginoplasty. Forty transwomen who had undergone vaginoplasty completed questionnaires about sexual practices and sexually transmitted infection (STI) history. Vaginal cytology and HPV swabs were collected from the neovagina for all participants and from the anus for those who reported receptive anal intercourse. Four participants tested positive for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection in the neovagina, and one tested positive for non–hrHPV infection. Two participants tested positive for HPV infection in the anus, one with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Two participants had tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection before study enrollment, and no new STIs were detected. Only eight participants had received the HPV vaccine, and none of those who tested positive for HPV infection had been vaccinated. Further research is needed to understand long-term HPV screening and management strategies.