Perceptions of climate change risks on agriculture production among Haya smallholder farmers, in Missenyi and Muleba districts, Tanzania

Climate change poses significant risks to the global agricultural sector. Prolonged droughts, frequent flooding, and pest and disease outbreaks are expected to impact crop yields. This article examines strategies for adapting to the risks of climate change and enhancing the resilience of smallholder farmers in the Missenyi and Muleba districts of Tanzania. Using a cross-sectional research design, the article gained an in-depth understanding of smallholder farmers' perceptions of climate change risks. To explore these perceptions and context-specific adaptation strategies, eight focus group discussions (FGDs) and twenty-four key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with smallholder farmers, extension officers, businesspeople, and local leaders in both districts. Additionally, over 38 years of meteorological data were analyzed to identify changes in rainfall and temperature patterns within the study areas. The results showed that climate change adaptation strategies include growing drought-tolerant crops, optimizing water resource management, using weather forecast information, and engaging in off-farm economic activities. These measures enable farmers to cope with erratic weather patterns and improve their livelihoods in the face of future climate change. The article recommends that smallholder farmers consider shifting their focus to raising livestock, such as rabbits, goats, and chickens, as these animals are less impacted by variations in precipitation. Additionally, there should be more emphasis on policy interventions, such as providing incentives for sustainable agricultural production practices, as these are expected to contribute significantly to the implementation of climate-resilient strategies.