This paper shows surjective homomorphisms from mapping class groups of closed surfaces, indicating deep structural links.
Let $Σ$ be an orientbale closed surface and let $Σ'$ be a nonorientable closed surface. In the paper, we show that for any nontrivial orientable S² fiber bundles X= Σ S² and X' = Σ' S², there are surjective homomorphisms from both MCG₀(X) and MCG₀(X') to Z∞. The proof is an application of generalization of Dax invariants for embedded surfaces in 4-manifolds. The property of MCG₀(X) and MCG₀(X') inherits from trivial fiber bundle Σ× S².
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Huizheng Guo (2025) studied this question.
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