A Comprehensive Review on Carbon Nanodots: From Synthesis to Applications

Carbon nanodots have emerged as a promising nanomaterial in the biotech sector, leveraging their low cytotoxicity and remarkable biocompatibility. Their intriguing properties, including nanoscale dimensions, bioresorbability, safety, environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, facile chemical and surface functionalization, and photoluminescence, underpin a wide array of potential applications. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of CND synthesis methodologies, encompassing top-down approaches like organic precursor carbonization and bottom-up strategies employing molecular precursors. While significant studies have focused on the characterization, synthesis, and application of CNDs, this outline summarizes recent advancements in their preparation and utilization. Furthermore, we delve into prospective future applications, particularly within healthcare. The substantial attention garnered by carbon dots in the past decade has spurred extensive investigation, with carbon nanodots, the newest evolution of nanocarbon materials, currently under intense scrutiny for their diverse potential.