Abstract In contemporary neuroscience, mapping the human brain’s functional connectomes is essential to understanding its functional organization. Functional organizations in the brain gray matter have been the subject of previous research, but the functional information in white matter (WM), the other half of the brain, has been relatively underexplored. However, the dynamics of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been reliably identified in the brain WM. This review summarizes current knowledge about task-free (resting-state) fMRI neuroimaging analyses for the WM functional connectome. We present comparative findings of the WM functional connectome, including its mapping, physiological underpinnings, cognitive neuroscience relationships, and clinical applications. Furthermore, we explore the emerging consensus that WM functional networks have valid topological characteristics that can distinguish between individuals with brain diseases and healthy controls, predict general intelligence, and identify inter-subject variabilities. Lastly, we emphasize the need for further studies and the limitations, challenges, and future directions for the WM functional connectome. An overview of these developments could lead to new directions for cognitive neuroscience and clinical neuropsychiatry.
Li et al. (2025) studied this question.