Secondary Traumatization Among NGO Humanitarian Workers in the Aftermath of the 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes: Implications for Disaster Management Plans

Background: The global rise in disasters triggered by natural hazards has increased the urgency for effective and ethical disaster response. Volunteers are often the first to respond, providing critical support before formal aid systems are in place. This study investigates the phenomenon of secondary traumatization among NGO-affiliated humanitarian workers who responded to the 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 278 humanitarian workers; data were collected using a socio-demographic form and the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, and analyzed with parametric tests and multiple regression. Results: Analysis identified significant predictors of secondary traumatic stress, including younger age, female gender, lack of disaster-specific training, and a self-reported need for psychological support (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need to recognize and support vulnerable groups within the volunteer workforce. Structured training, supervision, and accessible mental health resources are vital for reducing the psychological burden on volunteers. As disasters become more frequent and severe, an urgent call to action is warranted: disaster management plans must prioritize volunteer protection and preparedness. Supporting volunteers' mental health strengthens individual resilience and enhances the overall effectiveness and sustainability of disaster response efforts.