A stakeholder-led sustainability framework for analysing last-mile transport and delivery

Interest in the last mile, considered the most critical factor in e-commerce, has grown as the recognition of its challenges and its negative effects on sustainability have increased. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the last mile based on the systematic analysis of 169 articles classified according to their research method and contribution from which eight research gaps emerge. We also propose a novel last-mile framework for the design of sustainable last-mile strategies that focuses on the interplay amongst sustainability, logistics and relevant stakeholders.