Side effects of semi‐synthetic insecticide spinetoram on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa

BACKGROUND Insecticide risk assessment for biological control agents is essential for implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Spinetoram is a naturally derived insecticide used to control a variety of agricultural sap‐sucking insect pests, and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) plays a key role in the biocontrol of greenhouse whiteflies. Despite its presumed safe ecotoxicological profile, the side effects of spinetoram on E . formosa are partially unknown, especially at sublethal doses. In the laboratory, we estimated the lethal concentrations (LC) of spinetoram on E. formosa by topical exposure of pupae and 48 h residual contact exposure of emerged adults. Afterwards, we assessed the impact of spinetoram LCs on the life history traits (juvenile development, adult longevity, parasitism, adult emergence) and population growth parameter (the instantaneous rate of increase, r i ) of the parasitoid. RESULTS Probit analysis allowed the estimation of LC 10 = 0.10 mg/L, LC 50 = 0.56 mg/L, and LC 90 = 3.28 mg/L. Spinetoram at LC 10 had no impact on the observed parameters of E. formosa . Conversely, spinetoram at LC 50 and LC 90 significantly reduced adult longevity by 19.2% and 40.6%, total parasitism by 33.4% and 38.7%, and total adult emergence by 29.6% and 39.1%, respectively. Also, the r i of E. formosa was significantly affected by spinetoram LC 50 and LC 90 with a reduction of 8.17 and 29.83%, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that spinetoram significantly threatens the effectiveness of E. formosa when applied at the field recommended rate. However, further validation of spinetoram under greenhouse conditions is required for a comprehensive risk assessment for E. formosa in IPM programs.