A comparative study on automatic treatment planning for online adaptive proton therapy of esophageal cancer: Which combination of deformable registration and deep learning planning tools performs the best?

To demonstrate the feasibility of integrating fully-automated online adaptive proton therapy strategies (OAPT) within a commercially available treatment planning system and underscore what limits their clinical implementation. These strategies leverage existing deformable image registration (DIR) algorithms and state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) networks for organ segmentation and proton dose prediction.