Hypatia’s sister Lilabati’s daughter Marie Curie’s Students and unsung heroins of women in science : “The Athena bound and Unbound”

From the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, scientific and social changes impacted women’s intellectual practice in education, literature, culture, and philosophy. However, men predominated in Science and Technology fields, leading to stereotypes and underrepresentation in social justice, human rights, national growth, and international competitiveness. Women were less likely to participate in classical science before the 20th century, compared to social sciences, law, and the humanities. Women in science faced obstacles such as career tailoring, family resistance, gender imbalance, and gender-sensitive education. Research shows no significant biological differences between men and women in science and math aptitude. However, women are underrepresented in science faculties due to societal norms, stereotypes, exclusion, and a male-dominated culture. New approaches to addressing this issue include focusing on ”fixing the system” and removing obstacles, cultural norms, and attrition points that drive women away from science. Feminist authors in science aim to demonstrate that women can pursue careers in science, identify barriers that prevent women from engaging in science, rectify inaccurate data regarding women’s biology, and question the principles and goals of science. Feminist science should focus on analytical tools that enable feminist criticism and the generation of scientific research. Women scientists face various challenges in science, including a ”glass ceiling” that owers the bar for success recognition, discriminatory practices, and isolation. Empowered women should act as mentors and draw other women into central networks. To achieve gender parity in science, awareness campaigns must be launched, and gender imbalances should be balanced to prevent underrepresentation in professions and positions of decision-making.