Panic Disorder: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment Strategies

Panic disorder is a complex and debilitating anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and associated anticipatory anxiety. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiology, biology, and treatment of panic disorder. We discuss the prevalence, comorbidities, genetic factors, and neurobiological mechanisms underlying panic disorder, including detailed explorations of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Additionally, we examine various treatment approaches, including pharmacological interventions (antidepressants and benzodiazepines) and cognitive-behavioral therapies, highlighting their efficacy, limitations, and long-term outcomes. This in-depth overview provides insights into the multifaceted nature of panic disorder, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to its management and suggesting directions for future research.