Adipocyte progenitors are primary contributors to the disrupted epithelial niche that is sustained following abrupt mammary gland involution

Summary A short duration of breastfeeding is a risk factor for the development of high-mortality, postpartum, triple-negative breast cancer. The intrinsic properties of cancer-initiating epithelial cells that persist following breastfeeding cessation and mammary gland remodeling are poorly understood. Previously, we showed that Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor alpha (PDGFRα)-expressing stromal mammary adipocyte progenitors (MAPs) differentiate into epithelial luminal progenitors in the adult gland. In the current study, we demonstrate that MAP-derived luminal progenitors retain a mesenchymal transcriptomic signature. In an abrupt involution model that mimics a short breastfeeding duration, MAP-derived luminal progenitors persist and dominate luminal epithelia, undergoing transcriptomic alterations that signify a distinct ferrometabolic state linked to cancer. Concurrently, MAPs adopt an alternative interferon-mediated profibrotic and invasive stromal fate. Our work uncovers MAPs to be the primary cellular origin of a pathological stromal and epithelial microenvironment following abrupt involution, presenting a potential therapeutic target in postpartum breast cancer.