Novel Approach on Utilizing Reverse Osmosis Rejected Saline Stream for Mangrove Trees Restoration & Water Conservation Management

Water scarcity is a pressing global challenge that almost affect two thirds of the world’s population for at least one month each year 17. This crisis is characterized by both the lack of sufficient water and fresh water to drink. This can be caused by many factors including water overuse, arid climates, population growth and water pollution. Climate change is aggravating water scarcity by alerting the patterns of weather and water, causing droughts in many areas in the world and floods in other areas, excessive heat which melt glaciers and snow that supplies fresh water to the downstream communities and by next Year 4 billion people will face water shortages due to these factors and many others. Depletion of freshwater resources, rivers and lakes drying, and destruction of wetlands are part of the significant environmental impacts caused by water scarcity. Furthermore, human activities and the advance of industrialization are accelerating the depletion of water resources at an unprecedented rate. According to World Wildlife Fund (WWF) agriculture is a major contributor to water scarcity, consuming around 2,650 billion m3 of the world’s accessible water reserves each year and increasing 2. Which account for 68% of the global water consumption annually. This issue rises due to the inefficient irrigation in many areas causing more than 50% of the water used in agriculture to be wasted in excessive irrigation and unmanaged use of water 23. industry comes in second, accounting for little less than 20% of the global water use. Energy generation, especially in thermodynamic power generation, demands substantial volumes of cooling water for industrial operations. This reliance poses a significant challenge as it amplifies water scarcity, particularly in regions where there's already a high demand for energy and limited water resources. Additionally, wastewater generation from industrial applications is polluting freshwater resources exacerbating water scarcity and environmental degradation. Lastly is domestic use which only accounts for 12% of the global water consumption on average. This percentage becomes less than 10% in the low and lower to middle classes where water scarcity is becoming a pressing issue 3. Water consumption rate for domestic use has been increasing each year by 20% since 2000. This escalating demand is especially pronounced in low-income and developing countries, particularly in areas with high population densities and limited financial resources.