Hydroxyapatite bone cement: an in-depth analysis of the process, recent developments, and future considerations

Bone cements are used for numerous orthopedic surgeries and other medical procedures. These cements help hold implants in place and provide structural integrity and fill void spaces to enhance the success of implant operations. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most used types of bone cement with global sales in the hundreds of millions of dollars and a strong expected growth over the next decade as new clinical uses for bone cement are pursued and the products themselves are further developed to mitigate drawbacks to its use.