Post Hoc Bias in Treatment Decisions

Importance A goal of health care is to reduce symptoms and improve health status, whereas continuing dubious treatments can contribute to complacency, discourage the search for alternatives, and lead to shortfalls in care. Objective To test a potential bias in intuitive reasoning following a marginal improvement in symptoms after a dubious treatment (post hoc bias). Design, Setting, and Participants Surveys eliciting treatment recommendations for hypothetical patients were sent to community members throughout North America recruited via an online survey platform in the early winter months of 2023 and 2024 and presented to health care professionals (pharmacists who were approached in person using a secret shopper technique) in the summer months of 2023. Exposure Respondents received randomized versions of surveys that differed according to whether vague symptoms improved or remained unchanged after a dubious treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a recommendation to continue treatment. Results In total, 1497 community members (mean SD age, 38.1 12.5 years; 663 female 55.3%) and 100 health care professionals were contacted. The first scenario described a patient with a sore throat who took unprescribed antibiotics; respondents were more likely to continue antibiotics after initial treatment if there was a marginal improvement in symptoms vs when symptoms remained unchanged (67 of 150 respondents 45% vs 25 of respondents 17%; odds ratio OR, 3.98 95% CI, 2.33-6.78; P lt; .001). Another scenario described a patient with wrist pain who wore a copper bracelet; respondents were more likely to continue wearing the copper bracelet after initial care was followed by a marginal improvement in symptoms vs when symptoms remained unchanged (78 of 100 respondents 78% vs 25 of 99 respondents 25%; OR, 16.19 95% CI, 5.32-19.52; P lt; .001). A third scenario described a patient with fatigue who took unprescribed vitamin B 12 ; respondents were more likely to continue taking vitamin B 12 when initial treatment was followed by a marginal improvement in symptoms vs when symptoms remained unchanged (80 of 100 respondents 80% vs 33 of 100 respondents 33%; OR, 7.91 95% CI, 4.18-14.97; P lt; .001). Four further scenarios involving dubious treatments found similar results, including when tested on health care professionals. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of clinical scenarios, a marginal improvement in symptoms led patients to continue a dubious and sometimes costly treatment, suggesting that clinicians should caution patients against post hoc bias.