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Abstract Urban lakes serve as vital ecological and recreational anchors within built environments, essential for enhancing urban resilience. Evaluating lake health predominantly focuses on water quality, assessing indicators such as nutrient levels, toxicity, pH balance, and water clarity to monitor changes. This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework that systematically describes specific spatiotemporal manifestations and periodic exogenous regulation characteristics across five dimensions: physical structure, water quality, shoreline dynamics, external regulation, and social service. Furthermore, it introduces an urban lake health assessment model based on synergistic development to evaluate the integrated development and interaction between water environments and social services. This model is applied across urban lakes in various developmental stages in China. Key findings include: 1) Urban development often impacts lake health disparately, with varying degrees of synergy observed between water environments and social services across different urban lakes. However, shifts in urban ideologies and improvements in governance, along with protective policies and project implementations, have contributed to improving water quality to some extent. 2) Engineering interventions do not consistently correspond with improvements in water quality, and governance measures sometimes yield mixed outcomes, underscoring the necessity for systematic solutions to lake health. Restoring hydrological processes emerges as crucial for enhancing sustainability.
Wang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.