Ecosystem Health Evaluation of Shandianhe National Wetland Park Based on a Pressure-State-Response Model

Located on the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau in China, the Shandianhe National Wetland Park (SNWP) serves as a crucial stopover for migratory birds in the East Asia-Australasia Flyway.Given the high sensitivity to human interference and the fragile environment, an efficient method of health assessment is essential for the sustainable development of the wetland.This study established a comprehensive health index for the SNWP by utilizing the pressure-state-response model and selecting nineteen evaluation indicators with weights determined through the analytic hierarchy process.By employing a fuzzy comprehension evaluation method, we conducted a thorough evaluation of the current wetland health.The results indicate that the SNWP's health status was classified as "sub-healthy", with a comprehensive evaluation index of 3.4177.The state and response layers scored 3.9048 and 3.2605, respectively, both indicating a "sub-healthy" condition, while the pressure layer scored 2.2397, signifying an "unhealthy" state.The study identifies climate drought, grazing, and decreased bird habitat functionality as the primary constraints on the ecological health of the SNWP.This research not only offers a framework for assessing wetland ecosystems in similar regions but also contributes valuable scientific insights for the protection and management of wetlands across China, aiding in compliance with international wetland conventions.